ドラクロアの絵を遠くから見てみるといい。何を描いているのか解らぬくらい離れて絵を見てみ給え。忽ちドラクロアの色彩の魔術というものが諸君の眼に明らかになるだろう。この場合諸君の眼に映じた純粋な色彩の魅力は、絵の主題の面白さとは全くその源泉を異にしたものであって、絵に近寄って見て、絵の主題が了解出来ても、主題はこの色彩の魅力に何物も加えず、又、この魅力から何ものをも奪う事が出来ぬ、と諸君は感ずるであろう。この主題と無関係な色彩の調和こそ、画家の思想の精髄なのである。（『小林秀雄全作品22 近代絵画』新潮社）
昨日借りてきた本（「ややこしい本を読む技術」吉岡 ｐ１３２）に引用されていた小林秀雄の文章
これはこれで極端な見解なんだよなあ。
このまえも取り上げたけど、作者が取り上げる題材、主題ってはやっぱ作品で一番大事。それをどう料理しているかが、次に問題になる。
「何が描かれ」「どう描かれているか」
本作品の標準的な解説では、
copilot
Subject and Symbolism: The central figure is a woman personifying Liberty, holding the French tricolor flag in one hand and a bayonetted musket in the other. She is depicted as both an allegorical goddess and a robust woman of the people, symbolizing freedom and the spirit of revolution12.
Composition: Liberty is shown leading a diverse group of people over a barricade and the bodies of the fallen. This group includes individuals from different social classes, such as a young boy holding pistols, a man in a top hat, and a worker, all united in their fight for freedom12.
Artistic Style: Delacroix’s painting is a prime example of Romanticism, characterized by its dramatic use of color and expressive brushwork. The painting combines realism with idealism, creating a powerful and emotional scene2.
主題は自由で、女神がそれを象徴しているーそれが「何が描かれている」の部分。
じゃあ、「どう描かれいるか」 といえば、女神＝自由が多様や人々を導き死体を踏み越え突き進んでいく構図（*1)になっている。自由の獲得には犠牲を伴うがそれを乗り越えていかねばならないし、また、自由は多種多様な人々が追求する大義となるもの・・・・そして、それがロマン主義の表現で描かれている。
そのロマン主義の技法が主題にどうかかわるか、というと、
Romanticism plays a crucial role in enhancing the theme of "Liberty Leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix. Here are some key ways in which Romanticism contributes to the painting:
1. **Emotional Intensity**: Romanticism is known for its emphasis on emotion and individualism. Delacroix captures the fervor and passion of the revolution through the dramatic expressions and dynamic poses of the figures. The central figure of Liberty, with her determined gaze and powerful stance, embodies the emotional intensity of the revolutionary spirit¹².
2. **Dramatic Composition**: The composition of the painting is highly dynamic, with strong diagonal lines leading the viewer's eye across the canvas. This sense of movement and energy is a hallmark of Romantic art, which often seeks to evoke a visceral response from the viewer¹².
3. **Use of Light and Shadow**: Delacroix employs stark contrasts between light and shadow to heighten the drama of the scene. The illuminated figure of Liberty stands out against the darker background, symbolizing hope and enlightenment emerging from the chaos of revolution²³.
4. **Heroic and Idealized Figures**: Romanticism often features heroic and idealized figures, and Delacroix's Liberty is no exception. She is depicted as a larger-than-life figure, both a real woman and an allegorical symbol of freedom. This blend of realism and idealism is characteristic of Romantic art²³.
5. **Historical and Political Context**: Romanticism frequently engages with contemporary events and social issues. "Liberty Leading the People" is not just a historical painting but a political statement, celebrating the July Revolution of 1830 and the fight for liberty and justice¹².
By incorporating these elements of Romanticism, Delacroix creates a powerful and evocative image that captures the spirit of the revolution and the universal struggle for freedom.
ロマン主義の激しい筆使いや対照的な色使いによって、個人や個人の熱情を際立たせるし、女神に光を当てることによって、混沌とした革命＝陰のなかから希望と自由を際立たせる。女神を誇張することによってやはり自由を強調している。(*2)
「どう描かれているか」は「なにを描かれている」について深く関係し、主題の一部になったり(→＊１）、あるいは、主題を際立たせたり（→ ＊２）逆に減殺してしまったりするわけである。「何物も加えず、又、この魅力から何ものをも奪う」ことがないどころではなく、逆に、主題に様々な効果を加え、あるいは奪うのである。
小林秀雄は一昔前では学校の現代文でよく取り上げられる評論家だった。小林の筆致というのは魅力はあるんだけど、断定的、独断的だから、高校生とか向いているかどうか・・・とは思うね。かえって混乱させたり、理論的でない、断定的なな文章が高尚なような錯覚を与えたかもしれないね。若い頃は惹かれると同時に混乱したおれの経験である。
「ややこしい本を読む技術」は宣伝されていたから借りてきたもの。年取ってから一時期高校生の学参の古本を読み漁っていたことがあったが、そういえば、吉岡さんの本は何冊か読んだことがあった。彼の他の著作の内容と重なるところはあるが、これも面白い本だったな。
◯まず、イスラム、特にパキスタン人が増えているところでは、強姦、殺人、テロを行うこと。事実として、イスラムは強姦と殺人、テロの宗教です。実際に、スウェーデンの強姦は日本の５０倍、その半分は人口の２割しかいない移民です。 https://t.co/tn1qbdjDep
— buvery (@buvery2) September 12, 2024
同じくイギリスの植民地であったインドとパキスタンで、イギリスにおけるインド人とパキスタン人の犯罪性向を比較すると
Perplexity
Based on the available data, Pakistani youth appear more likely to commit crimes in the UK compared to Indian youth.
## Arrest Rates
The arrest rates per 1,000 people show a significant difference between Pakistani and Indian individuals:
- Pakistani: 11.3 arrests per 1,000 people
- Indian: 4.5 arrests per 1,000 people[5]
This indicates that Pakistanis are arrested at more than twice the rate of Indians.
## Custody Rates
When looking at custody rates for those convicted:
- Pakistani offenders were sentenced to custody 39% of the time
- Indian offenders had a custody rate of 31%[2]
This suggests that Pakistani offenders receive custodial sentences more frequently than Indian offenders.
## Drug Offenses
For drug offenses specifically:
- Pakistani offenders showed increased odds of receiving a custodial sentence compared to white British offenders, though the effect was small
- For Indian offenders, no statistically significant difference was found compared to white British offenders[2]
## Factors to Consider
It's important to note that crime rates can be influenced by various socioeconomic and structural factors, not just ethnicity. The data does not necessarily reflect inherent criminality of any group. Additionally, arrest and conviction rates may be affected by potential biases in policing and the justice system.
While the available statistics indicate higher crime involvement for Pakistani youth compared to Indian youth in the UK, a comprehensive understanding requires considering the complex interplay of social, economic, and cultural factors that may contribute to these differences.
Citations:
[1] https://academic.oup.com/policy-press-scholarship-online/book/15418/chapter-abstract/170007001?redirectedFrom=fulltext
[2] https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2022/statistics-on-ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2022-html
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_Kingdom
[4] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/61a8705ad3bf7f055b29350c/Statistics_on_Ethnicity_and_the_Criminal_Justice_Sysytem_2020.pdf
[5] https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-the-law/policing/number-of-arrests/latest/
[6] https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/educationandchildcare/articles/theeducationandsocialcarebackgroundofyoungpeoplewhointeractwiththecriminaljusticesystem/may2022
[7] https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65174096
[8] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341939572_Youth_Crime_in_Karachi_and_London_A_Comparative_Analysis_Since_1990-2000
イギリスについていうとパキスタン人のほうがインド人より犯罪を犯しやすい傾向。
USについて聞いたらUSの資料はない、と。
イギリスのネーティブの若者と比べるとどうなんだろう？
Based on the available information, it appears that Pakistani youth are more likely to commit crimes in the UK compared to native British youth. Here's a breakdown of the relevant data:
## Arrest Rates
The arrest rates show a significant difference:
- Pakistani males: 20.9 arrests per 1,000
- Pakistani females: 1.6 arrests per 1,000
While specific arrest rates for native British youth are not provided, the data suggests that Pakistanis have higher arrest rates compared to other groups[1].
## Custody Rates
Pakistani offenders were sentenced to custody 39% of the time, which is higher than some other ethnic groups[1].
## Terrorism-Related Offenses
Of those arrested for terrorist-related offences between 2011/12 and 2020/21:
- 44% were reported as being of Asian appearance
- 33% were White
As of March 31, 2021, of the prisoners in custody for terrorism-connected offences:
- 46% defined themselves as Asian or Asian British
- 32% as White[2]
## Factors to Consider
It's important to note that:
1. Crime rates can be influenced by various socioeconomic factors, not just ethnicity.
2. There may be biases in policing and the justice system that affect arrest and conviction rates.
3. The majority (73%) of prisoners in custody for terrorism-related offences declared themselves as Muslim, which includes but is not limited to Pakistanis[2].
While the data suggests higher crime involvement for Pakistani youth compared to native British youth, it's crucial to consider these statistics in the context of broader social, economic, and cultural factors that may contribute to these differences.
Citations:
[1] https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/immigration-and-crime-evidence-for-the-uk-and-other-countries/
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_Kingdom
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_and_crime
[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pakistanis
[5] https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2022/statistics-on-ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2022-html
[6] https://www.migrationwatchuk.org/briefing-paper/520/is-immigration-a-threat-to-uk-security
[7] https://academic.oup.com/policy-press-scholarship-online/book/15418/chapter-abstract/170007001?redirectedFrom=fulltext
[8] https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/crime-justice-and-the-law/policing/number-of-arrests/latest/
資料はないけど、パキスタン人は他のグループにくらべて犯罪性向が高い、と。
テロ関係でつかまっているのは白人もかなり多い３３％ アジア系外見が４６％
テロ関係で勾留されている７３％はイスラム教徒だが、パキスタン人とは限らない、と。
ーーーしかし、例えば、日本で生活しているあなたの知っているパキスタン人の友人が犯罪を犯しやすいわけでもない。パキスタン人だからといって偏見をもって接してはいけない。
ただ、パキスタンから大量に労働者を受け入れるかどうか、については参考になる資料かもしれない。
「日本人はみな上品だね」大谷翔平と今永昇太の敬意を込めたやり取りに米感動「偉大さは偉大さを認める」
Dodgers' Shohei Ohtani, Cubs' Shota Imanaga share heartfelt moment Shohei Ohtani and Shota Imanaga had a very cool moment. By David KornSep 10, 202A tip of the cap from Shohei to Shota 🥹 pic.twitter.com/6LpeeODKQM
— Marquee Sports Network (@WatchMarquee) September 11, 2024
47/47 FOR SHOHEI OHTANI! pic.twitter.com/Z2R38sgGmr
— Los Angeles Dodgers (@Dodgers) September 12, 2024
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